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Pictorial medieval sources

An inscription from Joan Vladislav (also known as Ioan Vladislav, John Vladislav, Ivan Vladislav), nephew of Samuel, the last tsar of the first Bulgarian kingdom (ruled in 1015-1018). The stone was found near Bitola, Macedonia, and can be seen in the museum of Bitola. Joan Vladislav declares that he is "Bulgarian by birth".

 

 

A miniature from the chronic of Manasius, 1346 - "Basil II defeats Samoil". The text says: King Basil defeated Samoil, the Bulgarian king, and blinded thousands of Bulgarians".

 

 

The miniature "After the Siege of Salonica, the army of Tsar Samuel assassinated its mayor Gregorios Taronitos", from the Chronicle of John Skilitzes (The National Library - Madrid). The ethnicity of Samuil and his warriors is written right above their heads - Boulgaroi. Taken from here -

  • http://faq.macedonia.org/images/samoil.madrid.1.jpg

  • After the fall of the first Bulgarian kingdom, for archbishop of the church in Ohrid was chosen Teophylact. He received the nickname "of Bulgaria", because he was head of the Bulgarian church. Taken from here -

  • Biblioteca Comunale "Renato Fucini" di Empoli

  • Written medieval sources

    About king Samuel (997-1014)

  • JOHN SKYLITZES, SYNOPSIS HISTORION The Battle of Kleidion, 29 July 1014

    ...The emperor did not relent, but every year he marched into Bulgaria and laid waste and ravaged all before him. Samuel was not able to resist openly, nor to face the emperor in open warfare, so, weakened from all sides, he came down from his lofty lair to fortify the entrance to Bulgaria with ditches and fences..."

  • CHRONICLE OF THE PRIEST OF DUKLJA (Ljetopis' Popa Dukljanina)

    "...Tugemir succeeded to the kingdom. Having taken a wife he sired a son whom he named Chvalimir. At that time, among the race of Bulgars , a certain Samuel commanded that he be called emperor, fought many battles with the Greeks, and drove them completely from Bulgaria . During his reign the Greeks did not dare approach that land..."

  • Michael Psellus - Chronographia

    39. The people of Bulgaria, after many vicissitudes of fortune and after frequent battles in the past, had become subjects of the Roman Empire . That prince of emperors, the famous Basil, had deliberately attacked their country and destroyed their power. For some time the Bulgarians, being completely exhausted after pitting their strength against the might of the Romans, resigned themselves to defeat, but later they reverted to the old arrogance. There were no immediate signs of open revolt, however, until the appearance among them of a political agitator, when their policy at once became hostile to the Empire.

    40. The man who moved them to this folly was, in their opinion, a marvel. He was of their own race, member of a family unworthy of mention, but cunning, and capable of practising any deceit on his compatriots, a fellow called Dolianus. I do not know whether he inherited such a name from his father, or if he gave himself the name for an omen. He knew that the whole nation was set on rebellion against the Romans; indeed, the revolt was merely a project only because no leader had hitherto risen up among them able to carry out their plans. In the first place, therefore, he made himself conspicuous, proved his ability in council, demonstrated his skill in the conduct of war. Then, having won their approval by these qualities, it only remained for him to prove his own noble descent, in order to become the acknowledged leader of the Bulgarians. (It was their custom to recognize as leaders of the nation only men of royal blood.) Knowing this to be the national custom, he proceeded to trace his descent from the famous Samuel and his brother Aaron, who had ruled the whole nation as kings a short time before. He did not claim to be the legitimate heir of these kings, but he either invented or proved that he was a collateral relation. He readily convinced the people with his story, and they raised him on the shield. He was proclaimed king. From that moment Bulgarian designs became manifest, for they seceded openly. The yoke of Roman domination was hurled from their necks and they made a declaration of independence, emphasizing the fact that they took this course of their own free will. Whereupon they engaged in attacks and plundering expeditions on Roman territory

  • Anna Comnena: "The Alexiad", Book VII

    ...Samuel, the last of the Bulgarian dynasty...

  • About Clement of Ohrid (840-27.VII. 916), scholar of Cyril and Methodius. Clement is regarded as the creator of the cyrillic alphabet

    Theophylact of Ohrid: Life of St. Clement of Ohrid

    Theophylact of Ohrid:

    94) {4}. Perhaps you would like to know who these church fathers are? Methodios, who adorned the Pannonian diocese by becoming the Archbishop of Moravia, and Cyril who was great in his knowledge of the heavenly philosophy, and even greater in his knowledge of the Christian lore, and knew the nature of all things that actually exist ...


    {5}. Because the Slavic and Bulgarian people did not understand the Scripture as written in Greek, the saints deemed this loss the greatest. They found a reason for their unconsolable grief in the fact that the lamp of the scriptures was not shining in the dark place [II Pet., 1: 19] of the Bulgarians. They grieved, suffered, and denied this earthly life.

    {6}. And so, what were they to do? They turned to the Comforter [Acts, 2: 2] and begged of him this grace: to invent an alphabet that might contain the wildness of the Bulgarian language. They begged him for the ability to translate the divine scriptures into the tongue of that people. And in truth, giving themselves up to strict fast and enduring prayer, to mortification of the flesh and to humbling unto meekness of the spirit, they received that for which they yearned ...

    (95) {7}. And so they received spiritual grace sure as the dawn [Hos., 6: 3], and light rose in the darkness for the upright [Ps., 96: 11; 111: 4], and the joy that comes from these things dispelled their grief. After they received the coveted gift, they invented the Slavic alphabet, translated the divinely-inspired Scriptures from the Greek into Bulgarian and took care to impart divine knowledge to the best of their disciples. And many drank of the source of learning and from among them the chosen leaders were Gorazd, Clement, Naum, Anguelarii and Sava.

    ...

    (96){10}. After that the Pope saw those of the party accompanying the holy men. The teachers testified that they had sufficient experience with Slavic letters and were adorned with a pious life. Some were ordained priests, some deacons, and others subdeacons. And although great Methodios kept refusing and would not consent, the Pope ordained him Bishop of Moravia in Pannonia because he thought it unjust to deny ecclesiastical rank to one who had earned it by his deeds ...

    ...
    {13}. Thus death brought Cyril honour from both the the most divine pope and from God. Methodios, for his part, having lost his companion and fellow toiler, who has been a true brother to him in flesh and in God, gave his heart to sorrow ...

    (98) {14}. And when the time came for Methodios to start on his way to Pannonia, and he had finally to raise his eyes towards the bishopric in that land, he hugged his brother'�s tomb, uttered many times the name Cyril, bewailed his own desolation in the flesh, evoked Cyril�'s power of intercession on their behalf, and set out for Moravia with his disciples. And when he arrived there, he became a true bishop, manifesting in himself such qualities as are listed by Paul in his character of the bishop [1 Tim., 3, 2-7; Tim., 1, 7-9] and outshone all with his teaching. He did not bury his talent [Mat., 5: 18], and did not sell the grace of his spiritual gifts [Acts, 8: 18; 1 Tim., 3: 3; Tit., 1: 7]. Nor did he turn his power into a source of luxury [Tit., 1: 9] but made all fellow communicants in goodness by equally spreading the light of the word [Mat., 5: 45]. He, who even before his bishopric was such a zealous teacher and preacher that he subjected himself to danger, now that office had been entrusted to him, and he had received the pledge and knew the charge of an apostle, �Woe to me if I do not preach the Gospel!� [1 Cor., 9: 16], how could he not but commit himself to teaching, devote himself with heart and soul, all day long, to the word of God alone, which was sweeter than honey in his mouth [Ps., 18: 11; 118: 103]?

    {15}. He did not cease from giving daily instructions to Prince Rostislav of Moravia, nor from educating his soul in the divine commandments. He also instructed and educated the ruler of all Pannonia, named Kotsel, so that he may never have fear of the Lord [Ps., 118: 120] and, detained and restrained by his bridle, would avoid all wickedness.

    Great Methodios did not cease from lavishing the love of the word on the Bulgarian prince Boris, who lived during the days of the Byzantine emperor Michael, whom he had already made is spiritual son.

    {16}. This Boris was altogether possessed of sane reason and was inclined to goodness. It was under him that the Bulgarian people began to (99) receive divine baptism. When those saints, Cyril and Methodios, saw that there were many believers and that many children of God were being born through water and spirit [John., 3: 5], but that they were wholly deprived of spiritual food, they invented the alphabet, as we said, and translated the Scriptures into Bulgarian so that the newborn children of God could have enough divine nourishment ... Thus the Bulgarian people, freed of the Scythian deceit, came to know the straightest road, Christ [John, 14: 6]. And thus at the eleventh hour they entered God'�s vineyard through the grace of He who had beckoned all labourers [Mat., 20: 6; Gal., 1: 15; Tim., 1: 9]. And so the call went out to that people in the 6377th year of the creation of the world.

    ...

    {18}. The heretics [i.e. Franks, promoting the filioque clause], being thus defeated by the power of the word and of truth, did only what they could, or, rather, what they were sent to do (100) by their father who was a murderer from the beginning [John, 8: 44]. He bragged of his wickedness, and tortured the saint with all kinds of evils and temptations. Deceiving him with cunning, they had fully won for their teaching Svetopolk, prince of Moravia after Rotislav, who was but a coarse prince, unable to understand goodness. How could a slave of physical pleasures, wallowing in the mire of his filthy deeds [Prov., 7: 18] keep from submitting himself to those, who opened before him every door of bodily lust, instead of to Methodios, who condemned the bitterness of pleasure seeking, which poisons the soul. That which Eunomius, founder of the Anomian heresy, created in order to draw to himself more disciples, the insensible Franks also embraced. They forgave sinners everything, even the without toil and diligence on their part, for the sake of mere agreement with their doctrine. They allowed their converts to lead a life of vice in order to secrue the success of thier perverse teaching by exchanging rubbish for dirt, being worthy only to trade with such treasures in which the goods are obnoxious and the price repellant.

    {19}. Because of that, Svetopolk was perverted by them, since they would allow him anything. He paid little heed to the words of Methodios, whom he treated as an enemy. To the sinner piety is shameful [Sirach., 1: 25]. Nevetheless, the teacher did everything he could to speak fairly to the prince and to caution him against all manner of terrors. On one hand, he proved the correctness of his teaching through the divine Scriptures, and bade Svetopolk trust them as the source for life and salvation [Isa., 12: 3]. The Lord Himself teaches us that life consists in searching the Scriptures [John, 5: 39], and Isaiah admonishes us to draw water not from the swamp of heresy, but from the wells of salvation [Isa., 12: 3]. On the other hand, the teacher told him that should he join the heretics, he would condemn not only himself, but also all those under his power. He would easily become vulnerable to enemies, and be vanquished, for lacking chastity, even if one flourishes for a time, eventually leaves wither and fall. The teacher Methodios prophesied that this would befall Svetopolk after his own death, and the saint'�s prophecy came true.

    {20}. While Methodios still lived, Svetopolk did not reveal the schemings of his heart, even though he did have a basilisk, and was hiding and nursing it within the eggs of an asp [Isa., 59: 5]. ... (101) But when the saint died a flurry of evil whirled about and no longer hid its hideous face with a mask or veil. Like a harlot, it acted shamelessly and stirred persecution against the orthodox. Then it was that God punished the prince.

    {21}. Methodios foretold his own death within three days. He did so to uphold the abundant advice he had given the prince. Thus, when his prophecy came true, it showed him as truly as prophet with a gift to foresee the future. It revealed that his doctrine was spiritual and inspired by the Lord.

     

    Something funny :

    A picture from a Macedonian history textbook. The textbook proclaims the Bulgarian rebels Petar Deljan and Tihomir for "Macedonians". However, the picture contains part of the manuscript of Byzantine historian John Skylitzes, who has written above their heads "Boulgaroi" = Bulgarians.



    Contact the author at g.janeski@yahoo.com